Sodium-cesium vapor trap system and method

ABSTRACT

Sodium-cesium trap systems and methods for the simultaneous removal of both sodium (Na) and cesium (Cs) in gas are provided. The trap system includes a contacting vessel having an inlet and an outlet with carrier gas channeled therethrough. A heating system maintains a temperature gradient across the contacting vessel between a first temperature at the inlet and a second temperature at the outlet such that sodium and cesium contained within the carrier gas are condensed into liquid and the carrier gas exiting the vessel is substantially free of sodium and cesium.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/339,225, filed May 20, 2016, entitled “Sodium-Cesium Vapor TrapSystem and Method,” which is hereby incorporated by reference.

INTRODUCTION

Sodium-cooled nuclear reactors have been operated and studied in thepast for their suitability for use in electricity generating nuclearpower plants. One drawback identified during the operation of theresearch reactors was the carryover of Cs-137, a fission product, out ofthe liquid sodium coolant, through the sodium vapor trap, and into thevapor treatment system of the reactor. In most previous reactor designs,the consequences of cesium release were relatively small because thequantity released from a few failed fuel pins was small. However, sincesome modern reactors, such as Traveling Wave Reactors, currently underdevelopment are designed to operate with vented fuel pins, the quantityof cesium released to the primary sodium coolant and reactor cover gasspace will be much greater.

Sodium-Cesium Vapor Trap

This disclosure describes new sodium-cesium trap systems and methods forthe simultaneous removal of both sodium (Na) and cesium (Cs) in gas. Thetrap system includes a contacting vessel having an inlet and an outletwith carrier gas channeled therethrough. A heating system maintains atemperature gradient across the contacting vessel between a firsttemperature at the inlet and a second temperature at the outlet suchthat sodium and cesium contained within the carrier gas are condensedinto liquid and the carrier gas exiting the vessel is substantially freeof sodium and cesium.

These and various other features as well as advantages whichcharacterize the sodium-cesium trap systems and methods described hereinwill be apparent from a reading of the following detailed descriptionand a review of the associated drawings. Additional features are setforth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparentfrom the description, or may be learned by practice of the technology.The benefits and features of the technology will be realized andattained by the structure particularly pointed out in the writtendescription and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing introduction and thefollowing detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and areintended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawing figures, which form a part of this application,are illustrative of described technology and are not meant to limit thescope of the invention as claimed in any manner, which scope shall bebased on the claims appended hereto.

FIG. 1 illustrates, in a block diagram form, some of the basiccomponents of a sodium-cooled nuclear reactor.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a method for removing sodium andcesium from a carryover gas from a nuclear reactor.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a Na—Cs vapor trap.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before the sodium-cesium vapor trap systems and methods that are thesubject of this disclosure are described, it is to be understood thatthis disclosure is not limited to the particular structures, processsteps, or materials disclosed herein, but is extended to equivalentsthereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in therelevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employedherein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments onlyand is not intended to be limiting. It must be noted that, as used inthis specification, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” includeplural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus,for example, reference to “a lithium hydroxide” is not to be taken asquantitatively or source limiting, reference to “a step” may includemultiple steps, reference to “producing” or “products” of a reactionshould not be taken to be all of the products of a reaction, andreference to “reacting” may include reference to one or more of suchreaction steps. As such, the step of reacting can include multiple orrepeated reaction of similar materials to produce identified reactionproducts.

This disclosure describes vapor trap systems and methods for thesimultaneous removal of both Na and Cs in gas. For the purposes of thisapplication, embodiments of a Na—Cs vapor trap will be described in thecontext of a sodium-cooled nuclear reactor in which the removal of Cs incarryover gas is important. However, it will be understood that thevapor trap systems and methods may be adapted for use in any context inwhich both Cs and Na need to be removed from a gas, not just in nuclearreactor contexts.

FIG. 1 illustrates, in a block diagram form, some of the basiccomponents of a sodium-cooled nuclear reactor. In general, a reactor 100includes a reactor core 104 in a reactor vessel 105, the core 104containing a fissionable fuel that generates heat which is removed via aliquid coolant 106, such as sodium metal or a sodium salt. For thepurposes of this disclosure, fissionable material includes any fissilematerial, any fertile material or combination of fissile and fertilematerials and the coolant 106 is sodium metal. The fissionable fuel maybe in solid or liquid form (at operating temperatures) and may or maynot be held within some container. In a molten fuel embodiment (notshown), the coolant 106 may be a mixture of uranium and sodium salts inwhich the mixture is both the primary coolant and the fuel. In a solidfuel embodiment, the fuel may be a solid uranium compound held withinone or more containers that are contacted by, or submerged in a pool of,sodium metal or sodium salt coolant.

In any case, the fissionable fuel transfers heat to a primary liquidcoolant 106. The coolant 106 may be sodium metal or a sodium salt suchas a chloride salt or potassium salt. The coolant 106 may or may notcompletely fill the vessel 105 that contains the fuel, and theembodiment shown is illustrated with an optional headspace 102, whichmay be filled with an inert gas such as argon, above the level of thecoolant 106. The size of the reactor core 104 is selected based on thecharacteristics and type of the particular fuel being used in order toachieve and maintain the fuel in an ongoing state of criticality, duringwhich the heat generated by the ongoing production of neutrons in thefuel causes the temperature of the fuel to rise. The performance of thereactor 100 is improved by providing one or more reflectors 108 aroundthe core 104 to reflect neutrons back into the core. The coolant 106 iscirculated between the reactor core 104 and one or more primary heatexchangers 110 located outside of the core 104. The circulation may beperformed using one or more pumps 112.

The primary heat exchangers 110 transfer heat from the coolant 106 to asecondary coolant 114 that is circulated through a secondary coolantloop 115. In an embodiment the secondary coolant may be sodium oranother liquid metal such as lead, or a salt, such as NaCl—MgCl₂. In anembodiment, a reflector 108 is between each primary heat exchanger 110and the reactor core 104 as shown in FIG. 1.

In the embodiment shown, a heated secondary coolant 114 from the primaryheat exchangers 110 is passed to a power generation system 120 for thegeneration of some form of power, e.g., thermal, electrical ormechanical. The reactor core 104, primary heat exchangers 110, pumps112, sodium coolant circulation piping (including other ancillarycomponents that are not shown such as check valves, shutoff valves,flanges, drain tanks, etc.) and any other components through which thecoolant circulates or contacts during operation can be referred to asthe primary sodium coolant loop 116. Likewise, the secondary coolantloop 115 includes those components through which secondary coolantcirculates, including the primary heat exchangers 110, coolant pumps113, and secondary coolant circulation piping (including other ancillarycomponents that are not shown such as check valves, shutoff valves,flanges, drain tanks, etc.).

The reactor 100 further includes at least one containment vessel 118that contains the fuel and other radioactive material to prevent theirrelease in case of an emergency. In a liquid fuel embodiment (as shown),the vessel will surround the primary sodium coolant loop 116 as thecoolant is also the fuel. In a solid fuel embodiment, the solid fuelwill be contained by the vessel 118 but not all of the sodium coolantloop 116 need be so contained. Note that, depending on the embodimentsome or none of the secondary coolant loop 115 need be within thecontainment vessel 118.

FIG. 1 further discloses a carryover gas handling system 132. Thehandling system 132 receives carryover gas 128 and treats it for safedischarge to the atmosphere. The handling system 132 includes a gastreatment system 126, a Na—Cs detector 130, and a storage system forstoring collected contaminants 124. The handling system 132 may receivecarryover gas 128 from the headspace 102, as shown, and/or from anylocation in the coolant loop 116. The carryover gas 128, which mayprimarily be an inert gas such as argon, will contain some Na vapor, aswell as, volatile fission products including Cs-137 and Rb, and variousisotopes of Kr, Xe, and Ar. The carryover gas 128 is then passed througha Na—Cs vapor trap 134 to remove Na and Cs from the carryover gas 128.Additionally, Rb may also be removed at the Na—Cs vapor trap 134 asdescribed further below. Both Na and Cs will interfere with theoperation of the downstream treatment systems, so the gas exiting thevapor trap 134 is monitored by the Na—Cs detector 130 to determine theamount of Cs in the carryover gas 128. The carryover gas stream then ispassed to the gas treatment system 126 that removes or providessufficient residence time for the decay of any other contaminants, suchas any remaining Rb, in the carryover gas. The cleaned gas 122 is thendischarged to the atmosphere or recycled to some part of the powerplant. Collected contaminants are kept in a storage system 124 forsubsequent disposal.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the carryover gas 128 willinclude both Na and Cs vapor and also sometimes Rb vapor. As mentionedabove, both Na and Cs are detrimental to the operation of gas treatmentsystem 126, but not to the same extent. For example, the acceptableconcentration of Cs in carryover gas output from the vapor trap may beless than 0.01 parts per million (ppm) by weight, which may be smallwhen compared to the acceptable concentration of Na. Unless otherwisestated, all concentrations presented in ppm, parts per billion (ppb), orparts per trillion (ppt) will be by weight.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a method for removing sodium andcesium from a carryover gas from a nuclear reactor. In the embodimentshown, a contacting vessel, described in greater detail below, isprovided (illustrated by operation 202) that has an inlet at a first endand a gas outlet at the second end. In an embodiment, the providingoperation 202 may include a preconditioning step (operation 204) inwhich the internals of the contacting vessel, including any packing, areflushed with hot sodium in order to coat all the surfaces within thevessel with sodium prior to the treatment of carryover gas. In anembodiment, the hot sodium may be clean sodium that is discharged fromthe vessel into the reactor's sodium coolant.

During operation the relative pressures between the inlet and the outletare maintained so that the carrier gas containing sodium and cesium thatenters the vessel through the inlet (operation 206) flows through thevessel and exits via the gas outlet (operation 208). Operation 206 mayalso include preheating the carrier gas before it enters the vessel toassure only vapor, not aerosol, enters the trap (operation 210). Therelative inlet and outlet pressures may be maintained by the use ofvalves and pumps (not shown) and the pressure drop across the vessel maybe actively controlled in order to achieve a desired flow rate of gasthrough the vessel. In an embodiment, the inlet pressure of the gas isat or less than 10 atm, however, the operation of the vapor trap isanticipated to be not particularly sensitive to the operating pressureand an inlet pressure of at or less than 5 atm, 3 atm or even 1 atm maybe used as long as the necessary flow through the vessel may bemaintained.

In the method 200, the temperature of gas within the vessel iscontrolled so that a desired temperature gradient between the inlet andgas outlet is maintained (operation 212). In an embodiment, the gas inthe vessel near the inlet is maintained at an initial temperature abovethe operating temperature of the sodium coolant in the reactor, e.g.,above the temperature of the coolant in the reactor vessel 105. In anembodiment, the initial temperature is at least 800° F., however, theinitial temperature may be higher, such as at or above 850° F., 900° F.,925° F., 950° F. or even higher, depending on the embodiment. Thecarrier gas near the outlet of the vessel is maintained at a secondtemperature sufficiently lower than the initial temperature so thatmost, if not all, of the sodium and cesium condense into liquid withinthe vessel and the carrier gas exiting the gas outlet is substantiallyfree of sodium and cesium. Additionally, the temperature at which thecesium condenses into liquid also similarly condenses rubidium intoliquid within the vessel such that the carrier gas exiting the gasoutlet is substantially free of rubidium.

The word “substantially” is used herein to remind the reader that notreatment system is 100% effective and at least some atoms of sodiumand/or cesium may escape with the gas through the outlet. For thepurposes of this disclosure, substantially means 99% of the inlet massof cesium and sodium. Thus, in an embodiment no more than 0.0001% of thesodium and no more than 3% of the cesium that enters the vessel throughthe inlet exits the gas outlet with the carrier gas. Greater removal maybe achieved including, in an embodiment, no more than 0.00001%,0.000001%, and even 0.00000001% of the sodium and no more than 1%, 0.5%,0.2%, and even 0.1% of the cesium that enters the vessel through theinlet exits the gas outlet with the carrier gas. In an embodiment, at 1atm, a gas temperature near the outlet less than at least 220° F. isrequired to remove substantially all of the sodium and cesium. Thetemperature may be less, such as at or less than 150° F., 115° F., 100°F., 75° F. and even at or less than 50° F. In an embodiment, the gastemperature near the outlet is set to at or less than 90° F.

In an example calculation, a cylindrical vessel having a 72 inch lengthand a 6.065 inch inner diameter is modeled to determine thefunctionality and efficiency of the contacting vessel. The inlet of thevessel is assumed to be 1100° F. and the outlet of the vessel is assumedto be 220° F. with heat tape provided to maintain the temperaturegradient. Based on the model calculations, over a runtime period of 24hours the modeled vessel removes sodium and cesium from the carrier gassuch that there is less than 0.06 ppt of sodium in the exhausted carriergas and less than 2.6 ppb of cesium in the exhausted carrier gas.

The method may include allowing the condensed sodium liquid to flow viagravity out the inlet of the vessel (operation 214). This may beachieved by providing for continuous liquid collection at the bottom ofthe vessel and routing the collected liquid back into the reactor core.

The method 200 may also include removing the condensed cesium liquid viaa cesium outlet located in the vessel between the inlet and the gasoutlet (operation 216). Because of the vapor pressure of cesium, unlikesodium, condensed cesium that travels back into a warmer region of thevessel, such as by falling back down a vertically oriented vessel due togravity, will likely be vaporized by the gas flowing through the vesseland carried back toward the gas outlet where the cesium vapor will beagain cooled and condensed. Thus, liquid cesium will collect within thevessel over time. This collection will occur near the gas outlet at someequilibrium temperature which corresponds to a location in the vesselbetween the inlet and gas outlet. The exact location will vary dependingon the design and operating parameters but can be estimated throughthermodynamic calculations or determined empirically. In order tofacilitate collection and removal of the cesium condensate, a tray, suchas a bubble-cap tray, valve tray, sieve tray or any other suitablecollector for a distilled fraction, may be provided within the vessel inaddition to the packing just above, below or at the location where thecesium liquid collects based on the operating temperatures of the vaportrap such as the inlet temperature, outlet temperature and temperatureprofile across the vessel. A cesium outlet may also be provided throughwhich the cesium may be periodically removed from the vessel, forexample, by channeling the cesium liquid through a reticulated vitreouscarbon matrix of a cesium trap for absorption and retention (operation218).

In some embodiments, the cesium liquid from the outlet may be channeledto a cesium getter that absorbs and retains the cesium (operation 220).By using the cesium getter, the reticulated vitreous carbon system maybe removed from the system. In other embodiments, the vessel does notinclude a cesium outlet and to remove the cesium, the entire vessel isheated to rise the temperature of the condensed cesium therein such thatthe cesium collected at the tray is vaporized and channeled out the topoutlet as a gas where a cesium getter is positioned to absorb and retainthe cesium (operation 222). After the cesium is removed from the vessel,the temperature of the vessel is then lowered back down for continuedoperation. In yet other embodiments, a niobium oxide bed may be used toabsorb the cesium gas channeled out of the top outlet of the vessel whenheated. The niobium oxide bed may then be used for long term storage,which can be more stable than storing metallic cesium in a cold trap.

In another embodiment, the removal of cesium may not be provided for inthe design of the vapor trap. In this embodiment, the method may includeperiodically disposing of the vessel and the cesium collected thereinand installing a new vapor trap. In yet another embodiment, cesium maybe removed by periodically flushing the trap with sodium and collectingthe effluent (operation 224).

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a Na—Cs vapor trap. In theembodiment shown, the vapor trap 300 includes a vertically-orientedcolumn 302 that acts as a contacting vessel. The contacting vessel 302has an inlet 304 at the bottom and a gas outlet 306 at the top. Duringcontinuous operation, the carrier gas containing sodium and cesium ispassed through the inlet 304 into the vessel 302 and flows up the vesseluntil it exits the gas outlet 306 at the top. This verticalconfiguration takes advantage of gravity and allows the condensed sodiumto collect at the bottom of the vessel and flow out the inlet 304 and bereturned to the nuclear reactor. In an embodiment, the vapor trap 300may be built into the top of the reactor vessel so that condensed sodiumis directly returned to the reactor vessel via a liquid collector 308that passes condensate into a return pipe 310 within the inlet 304 asshown.

The vessel 302 may be a packed bed column as shown. The packing 312 maybe structured or random. If random packing is used, the packing materialmay include one or more of beads, fibers, rings, and saddles. Packingmaterial can be composed of glass, metal, ceramics, or other materialsthat are substantially inert to the carrier gas and any of thecomponents in the carryover gas from the reactor. In an embodiment, thecontacting vessel 302 is a packed bed column containing Raschig rings.The packed bed column may also be an annular packed bed column.

A heating system 311 is provided to maintain a temperature gradientbetween the top and the bottom of the vessel 302. The heating system 311may include one or more heating elements such as heat tape, a heatingjacket around the outside of the column (as illustrated), internalheating elements, or any other suitable heating devices. In anembodiment, for example, the center of an annular packed bed columnincludes a heating element for controlling the temperature of the gaswithin the column.

A controller 313 may also be provided for controlling the heatingelements, the flow of gas, or both. In an embodiment, the controller 313is adapted to maintain a temperature gradient across the contactingvessel between a first selected temperature at the first end and asecond selected temperature at the second end. The heating system 311may be designed to further allow the temperature at regions within thecolumn to be selectively and independently controlled by the operator.In some embodiments, the heating system 311 is designed to heat theentire vessel to raise the temperature such that the cesium collected atthe tray 314 is vaporized and channeled out the top gas outlet 316.During such a heating operation, outlet gas flow may be diverted to aspecific component for capturing the cesium. For example, during cesiumpurging the outlet gas flow may be diverted to a cesium getter, aniobium oxide bed, or some other component to absorb and retain thecesium.

The vessel 302 need not be vertically-oriented with the warmer inlet 304at the bottom and cooler outlet 306 at the top as shown, however, thevertical orientation allows the liquid sodium to be easily removed, bygravity, through the inlet 304 via the liquid collector 308 at thebottom of the vessel 308 and the liquid return pipe 310 within the inletpipe as shown. Alternate configurations are possible such as a diagonalorientation or even a horizontal orientation. Likewise, one or moreliquid sodium and liquid cesium outlets may be located in differentplaces on the vessel depending on the orientation of the vessel.

In an embodiment, the vapor trap is operated so that the inlettemperature is above the operating temperature of the sodium coolant inthe reactor, e.g., above the temperature of the coolant in the reactorvessel 105, such as greater than 925° F., and the outlet temperature isless than 115° F. or 120° F.

As described above, a tray 314 may be provided within the contactingvessel to collect liquid cesium. The location where cesium will collectwithin the vessel may be determined by thermodynamic calculations basedon the inlet and outlet temperatures as well as the temperature gradientand expected or known temperatures at various locations along thecolumn. A cesium removal outlet 318 in the contacting vessel may beprovided to remove cesium from the tray 314. In some embodiments, theoutlet 318 is coupled in flow communication with a cesium absorber 320.For example, the absorber may be a cesium getter or a reticulatedvitreous carbon matrix. The location of the tray within the vessel alsocollects rubidium which condenses at corresponding temperatures to thatof cesium. As such, the vapor trap also enables rubidium to be extractedfrom the carrier gas.

The various inlets and outlets of the contacting vessel may be providedwith valves (not shown) that may be operated manually, automatically orboth. In addition, one or more of the inlets and outlets of thecontacting vessel may be provided detectors, e.g., a Na—Cs detector inthe inlet 304 and gas outlet 306, and flow meters to monitor the flowsinto and out of the vessel 302.

A preheater 316 may be provided that preheats the carrier gas containingat least some sodium and cesium to the first temperature before it isreceived via the inlet 304. In an embodiment, the preheater 316 maysimply be a heated section of piping before the inlet 304 asillustrated. In an alternative embodiment, a heat exchanger may be usedto preheat the carryover gas before it is delivered to the contactingvessel 302.

As discussed above, the vapor trap may be operated at any desiredpressure as long as flow through the vessel can be achieved. In anembodiment, an inlet pressure of at or below 10 atm, 5 atm, 3 atm oreven 1 atm may be used.

Notwithstanding the appended claims, the disclosure is also defined bythe following clauses:

-   -   1. A method for removing sodium and cesium from a carrier gas        comprising:    -   providing a vessel having an inlet at a first end and a gas        outlet at the second end;    -   passing the carrier gas containing sodium and cesium into the        inlet of the vessel;    -   flowing the carrier gas from the first end to the second end and        out via the gas outlet; and    -   controlling the temperature of the carrier gas such that carrier        gas at the first end of the vessel is at a first temperature        above 800° F. and the carrier gas at the second end of the        vessel is at a second temperature less than 220° F., thereby        causing the sodium and cesium to condense into liquid within the        vessel such that the carrier gas exiting the gas outlet is        substantially free of sodium and cesium.    -   2. The method of the above clause further comprising:    -   allowing the condensed sodium liquid to flow via gravity out the        inlet of the vessel.    -   3. The method of any one of the above clauses further        comprising:    -   removing the condensed cesium liquid via the inlet by flushing        the vessel with sodium.    -   4. The method of any one of the above clauses further        comprising:    -   removing the condensed cesium liquid via a cesium outlet located        in the vessel between the inlet and the gas outlet.    -   5. The method of any one of the above clauses further        comprising:    -   channeling the condensed cesium liquid to a cesium getter via        the cesium outlet.    -   6. The method of any one of clauses 1-4 further comprising:    -   channeling the condensed cesium liquid to a reticulated vitreous        carbon matrix via the cesium outlet.    -   7. The method of any one of the above clauses further        comprising:    -   removing the condensed cesium liquid by heating the vessel such        that the cesium liquid vaporizes and is channeled out of the gas        outlet and to a cesium getter.    -   8. The method of any one of the above clauses further        comprising:    -   wherein no more than 0.0001% of the sodium and no more than 1%        of the cesium that enters the vessel through the inlet exits the        gas outlet with the carrier gas.    -   9. The method of any one of the above clauses further        comprising:    -   before passing the carrier gas into the vessel, flushing the        vessel with hot sodium to coat surfaces of the vessel.    -   10. The method of any one of the above clauses further        comprising:    -   preheating the carrier gas before entering the vessel.    -   11. A system for removing sodium and cesium from a carrier gas        stream received from a sodium-cooled nuclear reactor comprising:    -   a contacting vessel;    -   an inlet at a first end of the contacting vessel adapted to        receive carrier gas at an inlet pressure of less than 10 atm,        the received carrier gas containing at least some sodium and        cesium;    -   an outlet at a second end of the contacting vessel adapted to        discharge carrier gas at an outlet pressure less than the inlet        pressure; and    -   a heating system including at least one heating element and a        controller adapted to maintain a temperature gradient across the        contacting vessel between a first temperature at the first end        of the vessel greater than an operating temperature of sodium        coolant in the sodium-cooled nuclear reactor and a second        temperature at the second end of the vessel less than 220° F.    -   12. The system of clause 11 wherein the first temperature is        greater than 925° F. and the second temperature is less than        120° F.    -   13. The system of any one of clauses 11-12 further comprising a        tray within the contacting vessel between the inlet and the        outlet, wherein the tray is located in the contacting vessel at        a point where liquid cesium collects within the contacting        vessel based on the first and second temperature.    -   14. The system of any one of clauses 11-13 wherein the outlet is        a first outlet and the system further comprises a second outlet        in the contacting vessel between the inlet and the first outlet,        the second outlet located in the contacting vessel at a point        where liquid cesium collects within the contacting vessel based        on the first and second temperature.    -   15. The system of any one of clauses 11-14 wherein the second        outlet is coupled in flow communication to a cesium getter.    -   16. The system of any one of clauses 11-14 wherein the second        outlet is coupled in flow communication with a reticulated        vitreous carbon matrix.    -   17. The system of any one of clauses 11-16 further comprising a        liquid outlet at the first end of the contacting vessel.    -   18. The system of any one of clauses 11-17 further comprising a        preheater that preheats the carrier gas containing at least some        sodium and cesium to the first temperature before it is received        via the inlet.    -   19. The system of any one of clauses 11-18 wherein the inlet        pressure is less than 3 atm.    -   20. The system of any one of clauses 11-19 wherein the        contacting vessel is a packed bed column containing a structured        or random packing material.    -   21. The system of any one of clauses 11-20 wherein the random        packing material is selected from one or more of beads, fibers,        rings, and saddles.    -   22. The system of any one of clauses 11-21 wherein the        contacting vessel is a packed bed column containing Raschig        rings.    -   23. The system of any one of clauses 11-22 wherein the        contacting vessel is an annular packed bed column containing        Raschig rings.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of technology are approximations, the numerical valuesset forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspossible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certainerrors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in theirrespective testing or calculation measurements.

It will be clear that the systems and methods described herein are welladapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as thoseinherent therein. Those skilled in the art will recognize that themethods and systems within this specification may be implemented in manymanners and as such is not to be limited by the foregoing exemplifiedembodiments and examples. In this regard, any number of the features ofthe different embodiments described herein may be combined into onesingle embodiment and alternate embodiments having fewer than or morethan all of the features herein described are possible.

While various embodiments have been described for purposes of thisdisclosure, various changes and modifications may be made which are wellwithin the scope contemplated by the present disclosure. For example,the cesium tray may be constructed such that liquid cesium collected bythe tray is directed into a removable, shielded liquid cesium collectionreservoir internal to the vessel. Such a reservoir could be providedwith a sensor and/or special temperature management systems so that thecesium, once collected, is maintained at a suitable temperature and in asuitable environment removed from the flowing gas within the packing ofthe vessel. Numerous other changes may be made which will readilysuggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are encompassedin the spirit of the disclosure.

1. A method for removing sodium and cesium from a carrier gascomprising: providing a vessel having an inlet at a first end and a gasoutlet at the second end; passing the carrier gas containing sodium andcesium into the inlet of the vessel; flowing the carrier gas from thefirst end to the second end and out via the gas outlet; and controllingthe temperature of the carrier gas such that carrier gas at the firstend of the vessel is at a first temperature above 800° F. and thecarrier gas at the second end of the vessel is at a second temperatureless than 220° F., thereby causing the sodium and cesium to condenseinto liquid within the vessel such that the carrier gas exiting the gasoutlet is substantially free of sodium and cesium.
 2. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising: allowing the condensed sodium liquid to flowvia gravity out the inlet of the vessel.
 3. The method of claim 1further comprising: removing the condensed cesium liquid via the inletby flushing the vessel with sodium.
 4. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: removing the condensed cesium liquid via a cesium outletlocated in the vessel between the inlet and the gas outlet.
 5. Themethod of claim 4 further comprising: channeling the condensed cesiumliquid to a cesium getter via the cesium outlet.
 6. The method of claim4 further comprising: channeling the condensed cesium liquid to areticulated vitreous carbon matrix via the cesium outlet.
 7. The methodof claim 1 further comprising: removing the condensed cesium liquid byheating the vessel such that the cesium liquid vaporized and ischanneled out of the gas outlet and to a cesium getter.
 8. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising: wherein no more than 0.0001% of the sodiumand no more than 1% of the cesium that enters the vessel through theinlet exits the gas outlet with the carrier gas.
 9. The method of claim1 further comprising: before passing the carrier gas into the vessel,flushing the vessel with hot sodium to coat surfaces of the vessel. 10.The method of claim 1 further comprising: preheating the carrier gasbefore entering the vessel. 11.-23. (canceled)